Concept:The trial and error theory of learning was developed by American psychologist E. L. Thorndike. It explains how learning occurs through repeated attempts, with successful responses being strengthened and unsuccessful ones eliminated.Explanation:Thorndike conducted experiments using a puzzle box with a cat. The cat had to pull a string to escape and reach food. Initially, it made many random movements. After repeated trials, wrong actions decreased and the correct action was learned. This showed learning happens by trial and error. Thorndike gave three laws of learning: readiness (willingness to learn), exercise (practice strengthens learning), and effect (pleasant outcomes reinforce behavior). Other psychologists proposed different theories: Skinner gave operant conditioning, Gestalt focused on insight learning, and Ross discussed learning plateaus. Only Thorndike is known for the trial and error theory.Answer:C. Thorndike