Gandhi never contented himself with large political or economic solutions. He saw the cultural and social backwardness in the Champaran villages and wanted to do something about it immediately. He appealed for teachers. Mahadev Desai and Narhari Parikh, Gandhiji's young disciples, along with their wives volunteered for work. Several more came from Poona Bombay and other distant parts of the land. Gandhiji's youngest son and wife too joined. Primary schools were opened in six villages. Kasturbai taught the ashram rules on personal cleanliness and community sanitation. Doctors were called to improve health conditions. Kasturbai was asked to talk to women to improve their personal hygiene and cleanliness. In this way, Gandhiji worked for the social backwardness in the Champaran villages.