Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) = x−nx−m For any (x, y) ∊ R Let f (x) = f (y) ⇒ x−nx−m = y−ny−m ⇒ x = y ∴ f is one – one Let α ∊ R such that f (x) = α ⇒ α = x−nx−m ⇒ (x - n) α = x - m ⇒ x α - n α = x - m ⇒ x α - x = nα - m ⇒ x (α - 1) = nα - m ⇒ x = α−1nα−m , for α = 1 , x ∉ R So, f is not onto