Concept:Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which says intelligence is not a single ability but consists of several independent types, each with a distinct biological basis.
Explanation:Gardner defined intelligence as a biopsychological potential that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create valuable products.
He identified eight kinds of intelligence: visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, linguistic, logical-mathematical, and naturalistic.
Each intelligence operates independently and is linked to a unique biological factor, such as specific brain regions.
This directly contradicts views like a unitary construct (Spearman), generic ability (Cattell), or three primary abilities (Thurstone’s group factors).
Thus, Gardner’s theory states intelligence can be divided into several independent intelligences with unique biological bases.
Answer:Option D: intelligence can be divided into several independent intelligences each one of which has a unique biological basis.