Concept:Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has six stages across three levels. Each stage describes a distinct reasoning pattern from self-interest to universal principles.
Explanation:Option D is the only correct match.
- Punishment and Obedience orientation is the first stage of the pre-conventional level. Moral judgments are based on avoiding punishment and obeying authority. This matches “Avoidance of bad consequences.”
- Option A: Good boy–Good girl orientation focuses on pleasing others and seeking approval. It does not relate to “Greatest good for greatest numbers” (which belongs to a later stage).
- Option B: Law and Order orientation emphasizes maintaining social rules for societal welfare. “Upholding principles of social justice for humanity” is a post-conventional idea, not this stage.
- Option C: Social Contract orientation involves flexible rules based on mutual benefit. “Consideration of perception of others” is a trait of the conventional level, not the social contract stage.
Thus, only option D pairs correctly.
Answer:D. Punishment and Obedience orientation – Avoidance of bad consequences