Concept:Mathematics anxiety is often caused by assessment practices that focus only on right answers and memorisation, not on understanding or multiple solution methods.
Explanation:Reason (a) says assessment only checks if a student knows the answer or not. This creates pressure and anxiety.
Reason (b) says assessment tests the ability to get a single correct answer using a fixed procedure. This leaves no room for creative thinking and increases stress.
Reason (c) says assessment focuses on the learning process and allows multiple ways. This actually reduces anxiety, so it is not a cause.
Reason (d) says assessment tests memorisation of facts and formulas instead of conceptual learning. This also contributes to anxiety.
Thus, the correct reasons are (a), (b) and (d).
Answer:D. (a), (b) and (d)