Concept:Mastery orientation means students focus on learning and self-improvement, not on outperforming others or external rewards.
Explanation:A mastery-oriented student sets personal standards and works to develop new skills.
Such students find satisfaction in the learning process itself, not just in grades.
They believe abilities can grow with effort and practice.
To encourage this mindset, teachers should highlight individual effort and progress.
Comparing students with each other promotes competition, not mastery.
Assigning excessive homework or giving surprise tests pressures students toward performance goals.
Thus, focusing on a student’s own effort is the most effective way to foster mastery orientation.
Answer:Option A: focusing on students individual effort.