Concept:Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory states that cognition develops through social interaction and language.
Explanation:He emphasised that learning is guided by more knowledgeable people (parents, teachers, peers).
The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with help.
Scaffolding from others enables new skills and thinking.
Language starts as social speech and becomes inner speech, which organises thought and problem-solving.
Thus, cognition is not just individual or biological—it is shaped by social and language experiences.
Answer:D. social and language-based