Concept:Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has six stages. Each stage has a distinct reasoning pattern. The correct option must match the stage with its defining characteristic.
Explanation:- Punishment and Obedience orientation is stage 1 (pre-conventional). Moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment and obeying authority. Actions are judged by their direct consequences. This matches “Avoidance of bad consequences”.
- Good boy-Good girl orientation (stage 3) seeks approval from others, not “greatest good for greater numbers”. That principle fits the later Utilitarian or Social Contract stage.
- Law and Order orientation (stage 4) emphasises maintaining fixed social rules, not “upholding principles of social justice for humanity” (that belongs to post-conventional stages).
- Social Contract orientation (stage 5) considers flexible rules for the common good, not “consideration of perception of others” (which is stage 3).
Thus only the last pair is correctly matched.
Answer:D. Punishment and Obedience orientation – Avoidance of bad consequences