Concept:Pre-conventional morality, the first level of Kohlberg's theory, views rules and social expectations as external to the individual, not yet internalized.Explanation:At this level, primarily seen in children, moral reasoning is based on direct consequences. Stage 1 (punishment-obedience) defines right as literal obedience to avoid punishment. Stage 2 (instrumental-exchange) defines right as serving one's own needs and allowing others to do the same. Rules are not understood as social contracts or personal values; they remain external forces guiding behavior through reward and punishment.Answer:D. rules are external to the self.