Both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires in the 16th century expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies. Ottoman Empire, created by jurkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Ottoman Period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic.