Concept:Sir Edmond Halley’s classical theory explains monsoons as a result of thermal contrast between land and sea. This differential heating creates pressure differences that drive seasonal wind reversals.
Key Fact:During summer, low pressure over heated land pulls moisture‑laden winds from the sea to land, causing heavy rainfall. In winter, the land cools faster, creating high pressure that pushes dry air from land to sea.
Explanation:Statement 1 is correct: Summer monsoon winds flow from the Indian Ocean (sea) toward the heated Indian subcontinent (land), bringing abundant moisture and heavy rainfall from June to September.
Statement 2 is correct: Winter monsoon winds flow from the cold land to the warmer sea. The dry continental air carries very little moisture, leading to dry conditions over most of India, except for regions like Tamil Nadu that receive some rain due to cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal.
Both statements accurately describe the basic monsoon circulation based on Halley’s thermal‑contrast model.
Answer:C. Both 1 and 2