Concept:Operant conditioning is a learning method where behavior is shaped by rewards or punishments. It is also called instrumental conditioning.Explanation:B.F. Skinner introduced operant conditioning. In this process, a behavior is followed by a consequence (reinforcement or punishment). This changes the likelihood of that behavior recurring. Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it. Because the learner's action (instrument) produces the outcome, it is named instrumental conditioning. Classical conditioning (Option A) pairs stimuli, not consequences. S-type conditioning (Option B) is not a standard term. Reinforcement (Option C) is a part of the process, not the whole name.Answer:D. Instrumental conditioning