Concept:Nyaya philosophy accepts four pramāṇas – perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. It does not accept anupalabdhi (non-perception) as a separate pramāṇa and reduces arthāpatti to inference.
Explanation:Statement A is false. Nyaya does not accept anupalabdhi as an independent pramāṇa. Knowledge of absence (abhāva) is obtained through inference or perception, not through a separate pramāṇa called anupalabdhi. Anupalabdhi is recognized by Advaita Vedanta and Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā, not by Nyaya.
Statement B is true. Nyaya clearly distinguishes between laukika (ordinary) perception – from normal sense-object contact, and alaukika (extraordinary) perception – which includes sāmānya-lakṣaṇa (perception of universals), jñāna-lakṣaṇa (perception through prior knowledge), and yogaja (supernatural perception).
Statement C is true. Nyaya reduces arthāpatti (presumption) to anumāna (inference). For Nyaya, cases like inferring night-eating from daytime fasting are logical inferences, not a separate pramāṇa.
Statement D is true. Nyaya accepts upamāna (comparison) as a valid pramāṇa. For example, identifying a gavaya by comparing it to a known cow is obtained through upamāna.
Answer:B, C and D Only (Option C)