UPSC CDS 1 2021 GK Paper

Concept:Only specific organelles that are semi-autonomous possess their own $\mathrm{DNA}$ and $\mathrm{ribosomes}$, enabling them to synthesise some of their own proteins.Explanation:Both $\mathrm{mitochondria}$ and $\mathrm{plastids}$ (such as $\mathrm{chloroplasts}$) contain their own circular $\mathrm{DNA}$ and $70\mathrm{S}$-type ribosomes.These organelles are derived from ancestral prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory).The $\mathrm{DNA}$ in $\mathrm{mitochondria}$ codes for essential enzymes involved in energy production, while plastid $\mathrm{DNA}$ encodes proteins needed for photosynthesis and pigment synthesis.Other organelles like the Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and vacuoles do not possess their own genetic material or ribosomes—they depend entirely on the nuclear genome for their protein components.Answer:Mitochondria and Plastids