Concept:Article 12 defines 'State' broadly to ensure fundamental rights are enforceable against all government bodies and their agencies.
Explanation:Article 12 of the Constitution gives an inclusive definition of 'State'.
It includes the Government and Parliament of India (Union Executive and Legislature).
It also includes the Government and Legislature of each State (State Executive and Legislature).
Local authorities such as municipalities, panchayats, and other local bodies are expressly covered.
The phrase 'other authorities' extends to any entity under government control within India's territory.
The Supreme Court has further expanded this definition through judgments like Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib.
This inclusive definition ensures all these entities must uphold fundamental rights under Part III of the Constitution.
Thus, all four items — Parliament of India, State Governments, State Legislatures, and Local authorities — are part of 'State'.
They can be held accountable for violations of fundamental rights.
Answer:Option C: 1, 2, 3 and 4