India’s climate is controlled by several factors : factors related to location and relief and factors related to air pressure and winds. Factors related to Location and Relief Latitude : The latitudinal and the longitudinal extent of the land of India, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part of India in the east-west direction . The Himalayan Mountains : The lofty Himalayas in the north along with its extensions act as an effective climatic divide . The towering mountain chain provides an invincible shield to protect the subcontinent from the cold northern winds. Distribution of Land and Water : India is flanked by the Indian Ocean on three sides in the south and girdled by a high and continuous mountain-wall in the north. Hence, Statement 3 is correct. Distance from the Sea : With a long coastline, large coastal areas have an equable climate. Areas in the interior of India are far away from the moderating influence of the sea. Such areas have extremes of climate. Hence,Statement 1 is correct. Altitude : Temperature decreases with height. Due to thin air, places in the mountains are cooler than places on the plains . For example, Agraand Darjiling are located on the same latitude, but the temperature of January in Agra is 16°C whereas it is only 4°C in Darjiling. Relief : The physiography or relief of India also affects the temperature, air pressure, direction, and speed of the wind, and the amount and distribution of rainfall. The windward sides of western Ghats and Assam receive high rainfall during June-September whereas the southern plateau remains dry due to its leeward situation along the Western Ghats. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. Factors Related to Air Pressure and Wind Distribution of air pressure and winds on the surface of the earth. Upper air circulation is caused by factors controlling global weather and the inflow of different air masses and jet streams. The inflow of western cyclones generally known as disturbances during the winter season and tropical depressions during the south-west monsoon period into India, creating weather conditions favourable to rainfall.