(a) (i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities-like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh- actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) They participated in this movement because they were hit very hard by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government's revenue demand.
(iii) They demanded a reduction in revenue but the government refused to do so. This led to a widespread resentment. After that these rich peasants enthusiastically supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So, when the movement was relaunched in 1932, many of them refused to participate.
(v) The poorer peasantry also participated on a large scale in a hope that their unpaid rent to the landlord would be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, after led by Socialists and Communists.
OR
(b) There are several ways in which the people of different regions combined to form a national identity:
(i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised by the image of Bharat Mata.
(ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland.
(iii) Later his novel, Anandamath played an important role in spreading nationalist fervour in the nation.
(iv) Moved by the Swadeshi Movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed it as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
(vi) Icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
(vii) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
(viii) Through reinterpretation of history, the Indians began feeling that to instil a sense of pride in the nation.