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Question Numbers: 46-50
Read the given passage and answer the question that follows:
Let us try to explain social life as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. You will soon be saying that the hedonist begs the question, for even supposing that man does pursue these ends, the crucial problem of why he thinks one course rather than another likely to produce pleasure, is untouched. Does the guidance of man's conscience explain? How then does he happen to have the particular conscience which he has. The theory of economic self-interest? But how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another? The desire for security or prestige or domination or what is vaguely called self-realization? How do men conceive their security, what do they consider prestige, how do they figure out the means of domination, or what is the notion of self which they wish to realize? Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement mastery are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act. There may be instinctive dispositions which work toward such ends. But no statement of the end or any description of the tendencies to seek it, can explain the behavior which results. The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action. For, if the connection between reality and human response were direct and immediate, rather than indirect and interred indecision and failure would be unknown and (if each of us fitted as smugly into the world, as the child in a womb), Mr. Bernard Shaw would not have been able to say that except, for the first nine months of its existence, no human being manages its affairs as well as a plant.
Read the given passage and answer the question that follows:
Let us try to explain social life as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. You will soon be saying that the hedonist begs the question, for even supposing that man does pursue these ends, the crucial problem of why he thinks one course rather than another likely to produce pleasure, is untouched. Does the guidance of man's conscience explain? How then does he happen to have the particular conscience which he has. The theory of economic self-interest? But how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another? The desire for security or prestige or domination or what is vaguely called self-realization? How do men conceive their security, what do they consider prestige, how do they figure out the means of domination, or what is the notion of self which they wish to realize? Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement mastery are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act. There may be instinctive dispositions which work toward such ends. But no statement of the end or any description of the tendencies to seek it, can explain the behavior which results. The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action. For, if the connection between reality and human response were direct and immediate, rather than indirect and interred indecision and failure would be unknown and (if each of us fitted as smugly into the world, as the child in a womb), Mr. Bernard Shaw would not have been able to say that except, for the first nine months of its existence, no human being manages its affairs as well as a plant.
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