Solution:
● India's forests are governed by two main laws, the Indian Forest Act, 1927, and the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
● The former empowers the government to declare any area to be a reserved forest, protected forest, or village forest.
● The latter allows any area to be constituted as a "protected area", namely a National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve, or Community Conservation Area.
● The tribal communities of India have had an integral and close-knit relationship with the forests and have been dependent on the forests for livelihoods and existence.
● Under these laws, the rights of people living in or depending on the area to be declared as a forest or protected area are to be "settled" by a "forest settlement officer.
● However, rights were rarely recognized by the authorities and in the absence of real ownership of the land, the already marginalized local dwellers suffered. To address this, FRA 2006 was enacted.
● Major provisions are:
◦ Title rights - ownership to land that is being farmed by tribals or forest dwellers, subject to a maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for landthat is actually being cultivated by the concerned family as of that date, meaning that no new lands are granted.
◦ Use rights - to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.
◦ Relief and development rights - to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement; and to basic amenities, subject to restrictionsfor forest protection.
◦ Forest management rights - to protect forests and wildlife. So, statement 1 is correct.
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