(b) is based on mere conjecture; (d) does not say whatconsequence is to be suffered in the absence of openness; and, (e) again does not say why openness is needed. (a) and (c) are based on empirical facts. But (a) says the training did not have a comprehensive outcome for only one party approved of openness. (c) is the least likely to have a logical fallacy because it says, studies conducted had established that ‘openness increases innovation’.