(A) (i) Since the Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited mostly to cities and towns, Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India.
(ii) But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this was to take up the Khilafat issue.
(iii) Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First world War. There were rumours about a harsh peace treaty to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa.
(iv) This Committee had young Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They began discussing with Gandhiji about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
(v) Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders about the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
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(B) (i) There was a large-scale participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) During Gandhiji's Salt-March, thousand of women out of their homes to listen to him.
(iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
(iv) In urban areas, these women belonged to high-caste families, while in rural areas, they belonged to rich peasant households.
(v) Inspired by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.