(i) All copies are books → UniversalAffirmative (A–type). (ii) Some pens are scales → ParticularAffirmative (I–type). (iii) No book is a pencil → UniversalNegative (E–type). (iv) Some books are not pencils →Particular Negative (O–type).
(iv) Some books are not pencils →Particular Negative (O–type). All copies are books. No book is pencil. A + E⇒E – type of Conclusion“No copy is pencil”. (P)No book is pencil.All pencils are rubbers.E + A⇒ O1–type of Conclusion“Some rubbers are not books”. (Q) No copy is pencil. All pencils are rubbers. E + A⇒O1–type of Conclusion“Some rubbers are not copies”. (R) (3) Conclusion I is the Conclusion(P).