(3) The Gahadavala dynasty,also called Gaharwar Rajputs in vernacular literature, ruled parts of the present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India during 11th and 12th centuries. Their capitals included Kanyakubja (Kannauj) and Varanasi in the Ganget ic plain. Chandradeva, the first monarch of the dynasty, established a sovereign kingdom sometime before 1090 CE, after the decline of the Kalachuri power. Chandradeva acquired the rulership of Kannauj by promising to pay a tribute to the Ghaznavids. The Ghaznavid raids of the Gahadavala kingdom resulted from the non-payment of this tribute. The Gahadavalas inscriptions mention a Turushka-danda (“Turkic punishment”)tax, which according to the proponents of this theory, was collected to pay a tribute to the Ghaznavid(Turkic) overlord.