(b) : Biolistics is a technique for introducing genetic material into living cells, especially plant cells, in which DNA-coated microscopic particles (tungsten or gold particles) are bombarded with a very high velocity into the target cell using a special gun. The microprojectiles, typically 1mm in diameter, are accelerated to high velocity by a specially modified small calibre gun and penetrate the cell walls and plasma membrane with minimal damage. Hence, the novel DNA can be inserted into intact plant cells ultimately transforming it without using a vector.