(12 - 15) i) All diamonds are stones → UniversalAffirmative (A - type). ii) Some shirts are caps → Particular Affirmative(I - type) iii) No gem is diamond → Universal Negative (E- type) iv) Some gems are not diamonds → ParticularNegative (O - type). (12-13) All diamonds are stones. All stones are gems A + A ⇒ A - type of Conclusion “All diamonds are gems”. (P) All stones are gems No gem is diamond A + E ⇒ E - type of Conclusion “No stone is diamond.” (Q) No gem is diamond. All diamonds are stones E + A ⇒ O1 - type of Conclusion “ Some stones are not gems.” (R) Conclusion II is Conclusion (P).