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Question Numbers: 1-5
Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow the passage. Your answers to these questions should be based on the passage only.
Indian philosophical and religious thought can be classified into Brahmanik and Shramanik traditions. Brahmanik tradition traces its origin to the Vedas. Shramanik traditions do not believe in the authority of the Vedas. While Brahmanik tradition does not advocate renunciation, Shramanik tradition favours asceticism for the attainment of emancipation from the misery of the cycle of birth and death.
Buddhism and Jainism belong to the Shramanik tradition. There were many other Shramanik traditions called Aajivkaas which either vanished with the passage of time or, like Sankhya-yoga, merged themselves into the Brahmanik tradition.
The founder of Buddhism Gautam Buddha (563-483 BC) and the expounder of the present form of Jainism Mahavira (599-527 BC) though contemporaries who dwelt in the same region, namely Magadha, had never met. By the time Gautam Buddha left his home at the age of twenty-nine, Mahavira was sixty-nine years of age.
Buddhism and Jainism originated and flourished in India almost at the same time under the patronage of power emperors of the time. Buddhism enjoyed the patronage of Ashoka (Third Century BC) and Kanishka (First Century AD) who spread it across their empire and helped it spread outside India, especially its border states.
Jainism too enjoyed the patronage of Chandragupta Maurya (Early Fourth Century BC). Kharvela (Second Century BC) and Kumarpala (Twelfth Century AD), they did not proselytize Jainism outside the boundaries of their empires.
However, with the passage of time around 1200 AD, after the advent of Shankaracharya, though Buddhism was completely uprooted from India, it became a world religion. While Jainism flourished in India, till about past few decades, it remained confined to India.
The primary reason for the uproot of Jainism and Buddhism s the nature of their inherent doctrines. The primary reason for the uproot of Buddhism from India was that it did not prescribe any code of conduct for the layman. In it there is detailed conduct for the bhikhus and bhikkhunis residing in Buddha Viharas but there is no prescribed rules and regulations of conduct for the laity.
Buddhism preached the abandonment of extremes, and adoption of the middle path. It recommended moderation in the moral conduct, flexibility in the food habits and management of day-to-day affairs of the bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns), thus allowing them to be adaptable to the alien ways of life and religions.
Jain monks and sadhavis, on the other hand, had to strictly follow the Mahavratas (vows). In practicing the Mahavratas, the monks had to follow the rules of conduct originally prescribed for them in the Agama granthas without any exception or laxity. Right conduct for Jainas 'is to adopt the rules of discipline prescribed in the Jaina agmas'. It is difficult for an outsider to grasp, much less follow, this extreme adherence to the vows by the Jainas.
Direction: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow the passage. Your answers to these questions should be based on the passage only.
Indian philosophical and religious thought can be classified into Brahmanik and Shramanik traditions. Brahmanik tradition traces its origin to the Vedas. Shramanik traditions do not believe in the authority of the Vedas. While Brahmanik tradition does not advocate renunciation, Shramanik tradition favours asceticism for the attainment of emancipation from the misery of the cycle of birth and death.
Buddhism and Jainism belong to the Shramanik tradition. There were many other Shramanik traditions called Aajivkaas which either vanished with the passage of time or, like Sankhya-yoga, merged themselves into the Brahmanik tradition.
The founder of Buddhism Gautam Buddha (563-483 BC) and the expounder of the present form of Jainism Mahavira (599-527 BC) though contemporaries who dwelt in the same region, namely Magadha, had never met. By the time Gautam Buddha left his home at the age of twenty-nine, Mahavira was sixty-nine years of age.
Buddhism and Jainism originated and flourished in India almost at the same time under the patronage of power emperors of the time. Buddhism enjoyed the patronage of Ashoka (Third Century BC) and Kanishka (First Century AD) who spread it across their empire and helped it spread outside India, especially its border states.
Jainism too enjoyed the patronage of Chandragupta Maurya (Early Fourth Century BC). Kharvela (Second Century BC) and Kumarpala (Twelfth Century AD), they did not proselytize Jainism outside the boundaries of their empires.
However, with the passage of time around 1200 AD, after the advent of Shankaracharya, though Buddhism was completely uprooted from India, it became a world religion. While Jainism flourished in India, till about past few decades, it remained confined to India.
The primary reason for the uproot of Jainism and Buddhism s the nature of their inherent doctrines. The primary reason for the uproot of Buddhism from India was that it did not prescribe any code of conduct for the layman. In it there is detailed conduct for the bhikhus and bhikkhunis residing in Buddha Viharas but there is no prescribed rules and regulations of conduct for the laity.
Buddhism preached the abandonment of extremes, and adoption of the middle path. It recommended moderation in the moral conduct, flexibility in the food habits and management of day-to-day affairs of the bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns), thus allowing them to be adaptable to the alien ways of life and religions.
Jain monks and sadhavis, on the other hand, had to strictly follow the Mahavratas (vows). In practicing the Mahavratas, the monks had to follow the rules of conduct originally prescribed for them in the Agama granthas without any exception or laxity. Right conduct for Jainas 'is to adopt the rules of discipline prescribed in the Jaina agmas'. It is difficult for an outsider to grasp, much less follow, this extreme adherence to the vows by the Jainas.
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