Booting: is the process of starting a computer and the loading of the required parts of the operating system into the RAM. Mapping: The transformation of data from main memory to cache memory is called mapping. Tagging: is a term assigned to a piece of information. This kind of metadata allows the user to found the information again by browsing or searching. Swipping: Replacing one segment of a program in memory (RAM) with another part of the program and restoring it to the original if required.