In Western European political science, the term polyarchy was used by Robert Dahl to describe a form of government in which power is invested in multiple people. In his 1989 book, Democracy and its critics, Dahl gives the following characteristics of a polyarchy: ● Control over governmental decisions about policy is constitutionally vested in elected officials; ● Elected officials are chosen and peacefully removed in relatively frequent, fair and free elections in which coercion is quite limited; ● Practically all adults have the right to vote in these elections; ● Most adults also have the right to run for the public offices for which candidates run in these elections; ● Citizens have an effectively enforced right to freedom of expression, particularly political expression, including criticism of the officials, the conduct of the government, the prevailing political, economic, and social system, and the dominant ideology; etc.